Container for a plurality of sheets of glass or the like



Dec. 29, 1959 E. J. LIDGARD CONTAINER FOR A PLURALITY OF SHEETS OF GLASS OR THE LIKE Filed Oct. 3, 1957 4 sheets-sheet 1 2o FIG.

INVENTOR. EDWARD J. L/DGARD I I z r VVVVV v VVMVM ATTORNEYS Dce. 29, 1959 E. .1. LIDGARD 2,919,022

CONTAINER FOR A PLURALITY OF SHEETS OF GLASS OR THE LIKE Filed Oct. '3, 1957 4 Sheets-Sheet z INVENTOR. EDWARD J. LIDGAED BY 17M 7- M A TTOENE VS Dec. 29, 1959 E. .1. LIDGARD CONTAINER FOR A PLURALITY OF SHEETS OF GLASS OR THE LIKE Filed Oct. 3, 1957 4 Sheets-Sheet 5 IN VENTOR. Eon/420 J. L/DGAED ATTORNEYS Dec. 29, 1959 E. J. LlDGARD 2,919,022

CONTAINER FOR A PLURALITY OF SHEETS OF GLASS OR THE LIKE Filed Oct. 3, 1957 4 Sheets-Sheet 4 INVENTOR. EDWARD J L/DGAE-D F76. 6 BY ATTOENE Y5 United States Patent CONTAINER FOR A PLURALITY OF SHEETS OF GLASS OR THE LIKE Edward J. Lidgard, Detroit, Mich., assignor to Flotepak Corporation, Detroit, Mich, a corporation of Michigan Application October 3, 1957, Serial No. 688,073

15 Claims. (Cl. 206-62) This invention relates to a container which facilitates handling and storing of a plurality of relatively thin sheets of material, such as glass. A good example of a use of the invention is in shipping and storing curved sheets of glass, such as curved Windshields and rear windows of automobiles.

A supplier of automobile parts must in many cases stock a number of Windshields, rear windows, or other curved automobile lights. In the large majority of cases, he needs only one or two each of several lights but the lights, for example, Windshields, vary in dimension, shape and curvature according to the make of car, body style and year manufactured. Heretofore, there has been no satisfactory way to ship and store in a single container windshields or the like having these dilferent conformations. Where several Windshields of different types were to be shipped from a manufacturer or distributor to a single retailer or supplier, they had to be shipped in individual containers thus wasting shipping space and increasing shipping costs. Also, this system wastes storage space at the retailers establishment since the lights are usually left in their containers while stored in stock.

An object of this invention is to provide a simple, inexpensive container structure making it possible to ship, store, and otherwise handle, in one package, a number of sheets of curved glass or the like, having various shapes and dimensions and various curvatures within a predetermined range of curvatures.

Reference is made to applicants co-pending application, Ser. No. 703,887 on a Container for Sheetlike Material which is designed as a supplement to the present container in the shipment of glass.

The invention is carried out generally by providing on the interior of an inexpensive crate or carton a number of spaced apart blocks of inexpensive shock absorbing material such as laminated, corrugated paperboard having sets of slots dimensioned and angled for receiving side edge portions of curved sheets of glass whose curvatures lie within a predetermined range of curvatures. The walls of the slots are deformable to increase, to a certain extent, the range of curvatures which the sets of slots can accommodate. Stabilizing elements are wrapped around the edges of the glass which are disposed in the slots and these elements prevent shifting of the glass lengthwise by frictional engagement with the glass and by both frictional andinterlocking engagement with the shock absorbing blocks. One form of the invention is shown in the accompanying drawings which may be briefly described as follows:

Fig. l is a side elevational view of a container according to this invention in use.

7 Fig. 2 is a vertical sectional view through the container, the section being taken on line 22 of Fig. 3.

Fig. 3 is an end view of the container with certain metal straps and Wires omitted.

Fig. 4 is an enlarged sectional view on line 44 of Fig. 2 illustrating nesting of the end portions of curved sheets of glass in the' container.

Fig. 5 is an enlarged sectional view on line 5 5 of Fig. 2.

Fig. 6 is a sectional view on line 6-6 of Fig. 5.

Fig. 7 is a fragmentary plan view of a shock absorbing element. 7

Fig. 8 is a top plan view of the container in use, the top of the container being removed and a number of Windshields being illustrated in phantom.

Fig. 9 is a side elevational view of a curved windshield havinga stabilizer element affixed to one edge preparatory to insertion into the container.

Fig. 10 is a perspective view of a stabilizer element before it is applied to a windshield.

Fig. 11 is a perspective view of a wire clip for securing a stabilizer element to a windshield.

Fig. 12 is an enlarged fragmentary perspective view illustrating the stabilizer element secured to an edge of a Windshield.

Fig. 13 is a side elevational view illustrating three containers according to this invention stacked on one another in storage with their sides removed.

The container 20 shown in the drawings has a top wall 21, side walls 22 and 23, end walls 24 and 25 and a bottom wall '26. The top, bottom and side walls have partially open slatted construction, each wall being formed of a plurality of horizontally extending slats, the side wall slats being illustrated at 2730 and the top and bottom slats being illustrated at 31 34. The slats are formed of a relatively thin, flimsy, inexpensive material such as wooden crating material and are spaced apart as illustrated in the manner of a conventional wooden crate. End walls 24 and 25 preferably have solid construction and may be formed of crossed boards 3'9 and 40 as illustrated in Fig. 3.

The slats of the top, bottom and side walls are secured to relatively strong rigid members 44 by nails or staples 45 (Fig. 5) thus securing the slats in their spaced apart relation. Members 44 are arranged in two pairs spaced longitudinally of crate 20 and each pair of members forms on bottom 26 channels 46, on the top channels 47 and on each side wall channels 48, these channels extending transversely of the direction of the various slats. The channels are arranged in two groups spaced from the ends of the container and each group forms a single channel extending around the container interior. Other members 44 may be provided along the length of the container such as at the ends (Fig. 3). Members 44 are bevelled at their ends so that the members of adjacent walls meet in mitered joints 49 (Fig. 5). The walls are secured together by a number of wires 50 which encircle the entire carton 20 as is conventional in crate construction, Side wall slats 27-30 and bottom slats 31 34 are nailed to the end walls to complete the construction of the crate itself.

Disposed within channels 46 on bottom wall 26 are elongate blocks 52a and 52b of a light weight inexpensive resilient shock absorbing material, such as laminated corrugated paper. Each block of material has a number of slots 53 along its length and these slots are angled to the longitudinal extent of the block for a purpose to be described. The blocks fit snugly into bottom channels 46 so that members 44 provide lateral support for bolding the blocks in position. The ends of the blocks onhave right and left hand relation relatively to each other. The slots in blocks 52a and 5219 have corresponding positions along the lengths of the blocks so that the slots arearranged in a series of sets or pairs. To place a sheet of glass in container 20 the end portions of the sheet are inserted into a set of slots 53 so that the bottom edge of the sheet seats on the bottoms 60 of the slots. This will be described in more detail below.

A pair of blocks 61a and 61b is provided for engaging the upper edges of sheets of glass in the container. 'I hese blocks are also made of a light weight inexpensive resilient shock absorbing material such as laminated corrugated paper. These blocks have slots 63 arranged similarly to slots 53 in blocks 52a and 52b. The end portions of the upper blocks engage in channels 48 in the side walls of the container. The ends of the upper blocks engage longitudinally against the upper slats 30 of the side walls. Filler members 62 are provided for filling the space, if any, between the upper blocks and top wall i 21 (Fig. 2). Fillers 62 may be formed of a suitable material, such as wood or folded cardboard, as shown. The container thus constructed is arranged to accommodate a number of curved sheets of glass 65-74 having different lengths, curvatures, shapes and dimensions.

A sheet of glass, such as an automobile windshield 65, is prepared for mounting in container by securing paperboard stabilizer elements 75 to edge portions of the sheet. Stabilizer element 75 originally has the form of a flat piece of paperboard (Fig. 10) having a central lengthwise crease 76 and having -a central flap 77 formed by slitting the cardboard on three sides of a rectangle as at 78-80. The fourth side of the rectangle remains attached to the body of the stabilizing element and is defined by a preferably double crease 81. Stabilizer 75 is provided with means for frictionally engaging the glass and for this purpose is shown as carrying a body of material 82 having a high coeihcient of friction relative to glass such as cured or partly cured latex or a resinous material. Frictional material 82 may be applied over an entire face of stabilizer 75 or may comprise merely a strip as illustrated in Fig. 10, depending on requirements.

Preferably the frictional material extends generally through the entire effective length of the stabilizer. Material 82 may or may not have adhesive properties for facilitating application of the stabilizer to a piece of glass. U-shaped spring clips 83 are provided for holding the stabilizers in place.

, Toapply a stabilizer 75 to a windshield 65, it is folded on crease 76 to position frictional material 82 for engagement with one face of the glass and to position another portion of the stabilizer adjacent the opposite face of the glass. Flap 77 is folded around the edge of the glass at creases 81. Spring clips 83 are slipped over the end portions of the stabilizer to hold it in place with frictional material 82 engaged against the glass. The stabilizer as thus applied to the glass has a central recessed portion 85 and downward projections 86. Flap 77 at this time may not fit tightly against the glass but may spring back somewhat; similarly the central portion of frictional material 82 may not be tightly engaged with the glass at this time.

In use, it may be assumed that top wall 21 of container 20 is swung to open position. Windshield 65 with its attached stabilizing elements 75 is lowered into the top of container 20 and the edge portions of the windshield which are wrapped by the central flap portions of the stabilizers are insertedinto a pair of slots 53 in blocks 52a and 52b until the wrapped edge portions seat on the bottoms 60 of the slots. Slots 53 are dimensioned to engage the wrapped edges of the windshield snugly so that flap 77 and in particular-the central portion of frictional material 82 are brought into snug engagement with the glass. This augments the frictional engagement between material 82 and the glass provided by the pressure of springs 83. This position of the parts is illustrated in Figs. 2, 5 and 6. Downward projections 86 of the stabilizer element flank the sides of blocks 52a and 52b below the bottoms of the slots preferably with a small clearance 87. Flap 77 is now frictionally engaged by the side walls of the slots.

Movement of glass 65 within wrappers or stabilizers 75 is effectively prevented by frictional material 82. Fric, tional engagement of wrapper 75 with the side walls of slots 53 resists shifting of the glass and its Wrappers transversely of the blocks. The angled disposition of slots 53 in some instances assists in resisting this shifting of the glass and its wrappers. There may be some shifting of the wrappers in the slots Within the limits of clearances 87 but beyond those limits such shifting is: prevented by engagement of projections 86 with the sides of the blocks. The extent of this shifting is inconsequential insofar as keeping the glass properly positioned in the container is concerned.

Other sheets of glass 6674 are similarly equipped with wrappers or stabilizers 75 and engaged in sets of slots 53 and in the blocks. It is preferable to apply paper envelopes 90 to the end portions of alternate sheets of glass to protect the ends of the glass from damage in the event that they should contact each other while in the container.

Upper blocks 61a and 6111 are now applied to the upper edges of glass sheet 55-74and this is done by inverting the upper blocks and passing slots 63 downwardly over the upper edges until the bottoms 64 of the slots seat on the upper edges. Since slots 63 fit the upper edges relatively loosely it is relatively easy to apply an upper block simultaneously to the entire group of Windshields. In some instances, the glass sheets may not be high enough to support the upper blocks in engagement with top wall or cover 21 when it is closed. In this case, filler elements 62 are inserted above blocks 61a and 61b. These fillers, similar to the upper blocks,

. preferably have end portions which fit into the upper portions of channels 48 in the side walls.

Variations in the vertical height of glass sheets 66-74 may be compensated by inserting relatively small blocks of wood or the like within upper slots 63. Top wall 21 may now be swung to closed position and for this purpose the relatively flexible girdling wires 50 serve as hinges. nels 47 embrace fillers 62 as shown in Fig. 2. The ends of the girdling wires are fastened together, such as by twisting as illustrated at 91 (Fig. 5) to secure top wall 21 closed. Steel straps 92 of a conventional type may be secured around the crate for added strength.

Cover 21 secures upper blocks 61a and 61b in place through fillers 62, if used. The blocks, in turn, by engagement with the top edges of the glass sheets secure the glass sheets in slots 53 in lower blocks 52a and 52b. The upper and lower blocks are securely seated in channels 47 and 46 and are anchored against lateral and longitudinal movement by engagement within channels 46, 47, and 48 and by engagement against upper and lower slats 30 and 27 respectively of the side walls. The glass sheets are effectively held against any movement laterally of the shock absorbing blocks by engagement of their wrappers 75 within the slots in the blocks as described. The sheets of glass are secured in spaced apart relation so that they cannot damage each other and if there is any likelihood of their end portions touching envelopes are used to protect them from damaging one another.

The resilient character of upper and lower blocks 61a, 61b, and 52a, 52b respectively, protects the glass from blows delivered to the top and bottom walls, the side walls and the end walls. Thus, insofar as shock protection is concerned, the containers, even though they have relatively light weight inexpensive crate-like construction provide protection at least equal to a heavy solid entirely closed box construction. 1

Upper chan- An important advantage of the invention is that engagement of wrappers 75' with the glass and the slots in the shock absorbing blocks secures the glass against endwise shifting without the necessity for supports engaging the ends of the glass. This makes it possible to use a single container having a single interior length dimension for shipping or storing articles of different lengths as illustrated in Fig. 8.

The curvatures of Windshields and the like for difierent makes, models and ages of automobiles fall within a determinable range of curvatures. The slots 53 and 63 in the lower and upper shock absorbing blocks are angled and dimensioned in such a' way that they can receive sheets of glass having difierent curvatures within this determinable range of curvatures. Moreover, the material of the shock absorbing blocks is relatively readily deformable so that if the windshield has a curvature falling somewhat outside of the contemplated range of curvatures it can still be inserted into a pair of slots by merely forcing it and deforming the walls of the slots. Thus, the angles, dimensions, and character of the material used facilitate use of the container with a relatively wide range of different types of glass sheets as illustrated especially in Fig. 8.

In some cases it may be desirable to use stabilizing elements 75 at both the top and lower edges of the sheets. As a general rule, for relatively, long-haul shipments in the United States, it has been found that adequate support and protection is provided by using the stabilizing elements at the bottoms of the glass sheets without using them at the tops. In certain other shipments, such as overseas shipments, where somewhat rougher treatment may be anticipated, it may be desirable to use stabilizing elements at both the top and bottom edges.

Fig. 13 illustrates use of crates 20-for storage purposes. In the usage shown, the crates themselves provide the stock shelves. To utilize the crates in this way, wires 50 and steel tapes 92 are broken or unfastened and cover 21 is swung open. Upper blocks 61a and 61b and filler elements 62 are lifted off of the top edges of the glass sheets. One side wall, such as wall- 22, is removed by knocking it loose from the end walls and cover 21 is again swung to closed position. The distance between the top edge 93- of' a glass sheet and the lowest extremity 94 of cover 21 is greater than the depth of slots 53. To remove a sheet of glass from its container it is merely lifted upwardly until it clears slots 53 and is then removed through the open side of the container. The glass sheet may be replaced in the container by the reverse process if desired.

The crates may be stacked on top of each other in the manner illustrated in Fig. 13 to provide vertically arranged shelves. Each crate may contain windshields or the like of diiferent types as shown. The crate may contain articles of the same type or a variety of types as described.

Crates 20 are of a very light weight, inexpensive construction and yet they provide adequate protection for the glass sheets. At the same time, they make it possible to ship dilferent types'of glass sheets in one package. The containers can be very simply and rapidly loaded and unloaded and are very simply adapted for modification to meet requirements of different kinds of handling and shipping. It is withint he invention to utilize a container having a solid or closed wall construction wherein the walls are made of relatively light inexpensive sheet material such as corrugated paper board. However, containers having the described partially open construction are preferable in some cases because they facilitate visual inspection without opening the containers. Another unexpected advantage of the partially open construction is that glass breakage is unusually low. It is believedthat the reasonvfor this is that personnel handling the containers instinctly become cautious when they can actually see that they are handling glass.

I claim:

1. A container comprising, in combination, a plurality of relatively thin curved nested articles such as curved sheets of glass wherein the curvatures of said articles falls within a predetermined range of curvatures, means forming a plurality of container walls, a plurality of article-supporting elements, means forming on at least one of said container walls a plurality of spaced apart channels, said elements being disposed in said channels with the sides of said channels 'supportingly engaging sides of said elements, each of said elements having a plurality of transverse slots arranged along its length and presented to the container interior, said elements having their slots correspondingly disposed to provide'a series of sets of slots, the slots of each set being angled relatively to the lengthwise direction of said elements so that the slots of each set embrace spaced apart po'rtions of an edge of a curved sheet of glass in said container, said slots being dimensioned and'angled to accommodate the edges of sheets of glass having curvatures lying Within the mentioned predetermined range of curvatures.

2. A protective container comprising, in combination, a plurality of sheets of glass or the like, means forming a plurality of container Walls, a plurality of article sup} porting elements formed of a resilient shock absorbing material, such as laminated paper board or the like, a plurality of relatively strong rigid members secured to the interior of said walls, said members providing structural rigidity for said walls and forming on at least one wall a plurality of spaced apart channels, said elements being disposed in said channels with the members forming said channels supportingly engaging sides of said elements, each of said elements having a plurality of transverse slots arranged along its length and presented to the container interior, said elements having their slots correspondingly disposed to provide a series of sets of slots, each of said sets of slots being arranged to receive spaced apart edge portions of said sheets of glass with the bottoms of said slots supporting an edge face, of the glass in spaced relation to said one wall with the intervening material of said elements forming a shock insulator for protecting the edge portion of the glass against blows delivered to the exterior of said walls.

3. The container defined in claim 2 wherein said members define channels as described on both the bottom wall and top wall of said container, said channels on said top and' bottom walls having shock absorbing elements therein and engaging top and bottom edge portions of said sheets of glass within said container as described.

4. The container defined in claim 2 wherein said top Wall is movable to open said container, said shock absorbing elements adjacent said top wall being removably disposed in their respective channels, said container having a removable side wall to facilitate access to glaiss sheets in said container when said container is stored, the distance between said top wall and the top edges of articles within said container when said top shock absorbing elements are removed being greater than the depths of said slots in said shock absorbing ele ments on the bottom wall so that a glass sheet can be lifted upwardly to clear the latter mentioned slots and then removed through the open side of said container.

5. A protective container comprising, in combination, a plurality of sheets of glass, or the like, means forming a plurality of container walls having slotted partially open construction, with the slats being formed of rela tively thin flexible material such as wooden crating material, a plurality of article-supporting elements formed of a resilient shock absorbing material such as laminated paper board or the like, a plurality of relatively strong 7 rigid members secured to the interior of said walls and extending in afldirection transverse to the direction of said slats, said members forming on at least one wall aplurality of spaced apart channels, said elements being disposed in said channels with the members forming said channels supportingly engaging sides of said elements, each of said elements having a plurality of transverse slots arranged along its length and presented to the container' interior, said elements having their slots correspondingly disposed to provide a series of sets of slots, each of said sets of slots being arranged to receive spaced apart edge portions of said sheets of glass with the bottoms of said slots supporting an edge face of the glass in spaced relation to said one wall with the intervening material of said element forming a shock insulator for protecting the edge portion of the glass against blows delivered to the exterior of said walls.

6. A protective container comprising, in combination, a plurality of sheets of glass or the like, a top wall, side walls and a bottom wall, said walls having slatted partially open construction with the slats being formed of relatively thin flexible material such as wooden crat ing, a plurality of article-supporting elements formed of a resilient shock absorbing material such as cardboard or the like, a plurality of relatively strong, rigid members secured to the interior of said walls and extending in a direction transverse to the direction of said slats, said members forming a plurality of spaced apart channels on the interior of said container, each channel including a bottom portion extending across said bottom wall, side portions extending along said side walls and a top portion extending across said top wall, certain of said elements being disposed in said bottom channel portions with the members forming said portions supportingly engaging sides of said elements therein, the end portions of the latter said elements engaging against said side walls and engaging within said side channel portions with the members forming said side channel portions supportingly engaging sides of said elements therein, each of said elements having a plurality of transverse slots arranged along its length and presented to the container interior, said elements having their slots correspondingly disposed to provide a series of sets of slots, each of said sets of slots being arranged to receive spaced apart edge portions of a sheet of said glass with the bottoms of said slots supporting the edge face of the glass in spaced relation to said bottom wall with the intervening material of said element forming a shock insulator for protecting the edge portion of the article against blows delivered to the exterior of said container.

7. The container defined in claim 6 wherein others of said shock absorbing elements are inverted relatively to the first mentioned elements with slots therein engaging the top edge of an article within said container, said other elements being engaged supportingly within said top portions of said channels and the ends of said other elements being engaged supportingly in said side channel portions.

8. A protective container comprising, in combination, a plurality of sheets of glass or the like, means forming a plurality of container walls, said walls being formed of relatively thin flexible material, a plurality of relatively strong rigid members secured to the interior of said walls, said members providing structural rigidity for said walls and forming channel means on the interior of at least one wall, article-supporting means formed of ,a resilient shock absorbing material such as laminated paper board or the like, said article-supporting means being disposed in said channel means with the members forming said channel means supportingly engaging sides of said article supporting means, said article supporting means having a plurality of slots presented to the container interior and arranged to receive an edge portion of said sheets of glass, and means for stabilizing said glass whose edge portion is within one of said slots,

said stabilizing means including a body of material having a relatively. high coefiicient of friction as to glass,

means adapted to holdjsaid material in frictional engage frangible plates such as glass which comprises, in combination, a rectangular base panel, a plurality of receiving members positioned transversely of said panel and secured to said panel having notches extending generally in the direction of the longitudinal dimension of the panel, means locating said receiving members on said panel against shifting thereon, one or more glass plates positioned with a lower longitudinal edge in said notches, means on said plates to locate said plates longitudinally comprising means having a friction surface with a relatively high co-efiicient of friction as to glass, said means with a friction surface being disposed on one or more faces of said glass plates in the area of said notches and urged against a face of the glass by the Walls of said notches, cover means supported on said base panel to enclose said plates, and means on said cover means to space the top edges of said plates and orient said plates vertically relative to said base panel to block movement of said plates out of said notches.

10. A protective shipping and storage container for frangible plates such as glass which comprises, in combination, a rectangular base panel, a plurality of receiving members positioned transversely of said panel and secured to said panel having notches extending generally in the direction of the longitudinal dimension of the panel, means locating said receiving members on said panel against shifting thereon, one or more glass plates positioned with a lower longitudinal edge in said notches, means on said plates to locate said plates longitudinally comprising a sheet of friction material having a relatively high co-efficient of friction as to glass, means for mounting said material adjacent said glass in the area of said notches urged in contact with the glass by the walls of said notches, said means having an interlocking engagement with said transverse receiving members to secure said plates against longitudinal displacement, cover means supported on said base panel to enclose said plates, and means on said cover means to space the top edges of said plates and orient said plates Vertically relative to said base'to block movement of said plates out of said notches;

11. A device as defined in claim 10 in which the means for mounting the friction material comprises a stabilizer pad having portions embracing at least one side of the edge of a plate, and a portion to depend below the edge of said plate to contact a side of a notched receiving member. I

12. A device as defined in claim 10 in which the means for mounting the friction material comprises a folded stabilizer pad member with a closed edge having portions folded to each side of the edge of a plate, the closed edge of the pad being notched and depending below said edge of said plate and directly to each side of, and in engagement with, a notched receiving member to cause interlock of said members. 7

13. A device as defined in claim 10 in which the means for mounting the friction materialcomprises a folded stabilizer pad member with a closed edge having portions embracing atleast one side of the edge of a plate and having a notched portion in the'closed edge formed by a tab folded around the edge of the plate and wedged into a notch on said transverse receiving members.

14. A device as defined in claim 10 in which the means for mounting the friction material comprises a folded stabilizer pad member with a closed edge'having portions folded toteach side of the edge of a plate, the closed edge of the pad being notched and depending below said edge of said plate and directly to each side of, and in engagement with, a notched receiving member to cause interlock of said members, and spring clip means to assist in holding said pad and said material in frictional engagement With a face of said plate.

15. A protective container comprising, in combination, a plurality of sheets of glass or the like, means forming a plurality of container walls, a plurality of relatively strong article supporting means formed of a resilient shock absorbing material such as laminated paper board or the like secured to the interior of opposed container Walls, means to lock said article supporting means against shifting on said container Walls, said article supporting means having a plurality of slots presented to the container interior, the longitudinal edges of one or more of said glass sheets being disposed in slots of opposed article supporting means, and means for stabilizing said one or more sheets of glass relative to said supporting means comprising a body of material having a relatively high co-efficient of friction as to glass, means adapted to hold said material in frictional engagement with a side face of the glass adjacent a slot, and means interlocking said last means and an article supporting means to prevent shifting of the glass within said slot.

Cunningham Mar. 18, 1952 Olson Oct. 15, 1957 

